Linguistic and Social Contexts Definition and Examples

Pronunciation: KON-text Adjective: contextual. Etymology: From the Latin, join weave In communication and composition, context refers to the words and sentences that surround any part of a discourse and that help to determine its meaning. Sometimes called linguistic context. In a broader sense, context may refer to any aspects of an occasion in which a speech-act takes place, including the social setting and the status of both the speaker and the person whos addressed. Sometimes called social context. Our choice of words is constrained by the context in which we use the language. Our personal thoughts are shaped by those of others, says author Claire Kramsch. Observations In common use almost every word has many shades of meaning, and therefore needs to be interpreted by the context, says textbook writer Alfred Marshall. The mistake is to think of words as entities. They depend for their force, and also for their meaning, on emotional associations and historical overtones, and derive much of their effect from the impact of the whole passage in which they occur. Taken out of their context, they are falsified. I have suffered a great deal from writers who have quoted this or that sentence of mine either out of its context or in juxtaposition to some incongruous matter which quite distorted my meaning, or destroyed it altogether, says Alfred North Whitehead, British mathematician and philosopher. Text and Context [British linguist M.A.K. Halliday] maintains that meaning should be analyzed not only within the linguistic system, but also taking into account the social system in which it occurs. In order to accomplish this task, both text and context must be considered. Context is a crucial ingredient in Hallidays framework: Based on the context, people make predictions about the meanings of utterances, says Patricia Mayes, PhD, an associate professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Dimensions of Context According to the book, Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon, Recent work in a number of different fields has called into question the adequacy of earlier definitions of context in favor of a more dynamic view of the relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic dimensions of communicative events. Instead of viewing context as a set of variables that statically surround strips of talk, context and talk are now argued to stand in a mutually reflexive relationship to each other, with talk, and the interpretive work it generates, shaping context as much as context shapes talk. Language is not merely a set of unrelated sounds, clauses, rules, and meanings; it is a total coherent system of these integrating with each other, and with behavior, context, universe of discourse, and observer perspective, says American linguist and anthropologist Kenneth L. Pike. Vygotskys Influence on Studies of Context in Language Use According to writer, Larry W. Smith, Although [Belarusian psychologist Lev] Vygotsky did not write extensively specifically about the concept of context, all of his work implies the importance of context both at the level of individual speech acts (whether in inner speech or social dialogue) and at the level of historical and cultural patterns of language use. Vygotskys work (as well as that of others) has been an impetus in the development of the recognition of the need to pay close attention to context in studies of language use. For example, an interactionist approach following Vygotsky is readily compatible with recent developments in such linguistics- and language-associated fields as sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, pragmatics, and the ethnography of communication precisely because Vygotsky recognized the importance of both immediate contextual constraints and the wider social, historical, and cultural conditions of language use. Sources Goodwin, Charles and Alessandro Duranti. Rethinking Context: An Introduction, in Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge University Press, 1992. Kramsch, Claire. Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Oxford University Press,  1993. Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics. Rev. ed, Prometheus Books, 1997. Mayes, Patricia.  Language, Social Structure, and Culture.  John Benjamins, 2003. Pike, Kenneth L. Linguistic Concepts: An Introduction to Tagmemics. University of Nebraska Press, 1982. Smith, Larry W. Context. Sociocultural Approaches to Language and Literacy: An Interactionist Perspective. Edited by Vera John-Steiner, Carolyn P. Panofsky, and Larry W. Smith. Cambridge University Press, 1994. Whitehead, Alfred North. Philosophers Do Not Think in a Vacuum. Dialogues of Alfred North Whitehead. Recorded by Lucien Price. David R. Godine, 2001.

The Declaration of Independence - 1186 Words

Political, Social and financial significance of the Declaration of Independence Often a single document defines and commemorates an event or a moment in time that is of importance. The Declaration of Independence is the principal document that defines and commemorates the birth of the United States and the independence of our nation. The Declaration of Independence defines the right of the people to defy the established order, to change their government, and to throw off an oppressor. [1] The Declaration of Independence expresses Americas foundation and independence and the basic freedoms that this nation strives to embody, such as life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. The important thing about the Declaration of Independence is†¦show more content†¦Yet the general economic picture was far from rosy. War had spawned demoralizing extravagance, speculation and profiteering, with profits for some as indecently high as 300 percent. Runaway inflation had been ruinous to many citizens, and Congress had failed in its feeble attempts to curb economic laws. T he average citizen was probably worse off financially at the end of the shooting than the start. The whole economic and social atmosphere was unhealthy. A newly rich class of profiteers was noisily conspicuous, whereas many once-wealthy people were left destitute. The controversy leading to the Revolutionary war had bred a keen distaste for taxes and encouraged disrespect for the majesty of the law generally. John Adams has been shocked when gleefully told by a horse-jockey neighbor that the courts of justice were all closed, a plight that proved to be only temporary. Although each state was well prepared and eager to govern itself when Independence was declared, a state could not do some things on its own. It could not raise and maintain a large army. Americans realized that 13 small and separated forces would be no match for the big British army. Americans realized that if they wanted to win the war with Great Britain, they needed a single and strong army unde r a central control. For this and other reasons, the Second continental Congress made plans for aShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence And The Declaration Of Independence1833 Words   |  8 Pagessocieties all over the world, the government has always been viewed as the powerhouse and reliable source for a country’s decision-making process. Another similar source of official government documentation exists in the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was written by the third president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. During that time period that Jefferson seemed to be the most significant towards the political spectrum, America was just about to enter a birthRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important document in U.S history that helped led to this country s independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence helped us earn our freedom to become an independent nation with our own rules. However, without Thomas Jefferson and the rest of their concerns and reasons for separating this wouldn t have been possible. The writing alone wouldn’t have made this document memorable.The use of rhetoricalRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence877 Words   |  4 PagesThe Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is without a doubt one of the most important documents ever to be written in American history so far. It was signed by fifty-six different men, all who were representatives from different states. The person who wrote the Declaration of Independence is someone who we all know and grew up learning about, the famous Thomas Jefferson. The purpose of it was to declare the 13 colonies in America free and independent from Great Britain, getRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence969 Words   |  4 PagesThe US Constitution, The Declaration of Independence as well as the Letter to the Danbury Baptist are not just historical documents, but some of if not the most important documents of the history of our nation. Although, similar in many facets the intentions and the goal pursued by each highlight their individuality. The fact that the Declaration of Independence was the first to be implemented and signed is of significant importance as it set the pace and put in motion the proceeding documents thatRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence1972 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence brought America its independence, and it self, as well as our constitution. The declaration of independence had many positive effects on America. The Declaration of Independence is the usual name of a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. This stated that the thirteen American colonies, called themselves the thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and that they were no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead of staying in the BritishRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence3280 Words   |  14 PagesWho were the writers of the Declaration of Independence? Who are our founding fathers and where did they receive these great ideas? I will examine the main writer of the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson and look at the sources he used to begin our count ry. If Thomas Jefferson was a student at the United States Sergeant Major Academy, and he submitted his Declaration of Independence to turn it in would he pass? Were our founding fathers even great thinkers or were they just takingRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence1330 Words   |  6 Pagesparagraph of the most significant of all American historical documents, the Declaration of Independence. The very theory of natural rights dramatically influenced the conception of this starting paragraph. Natural rights is a political theory that strongly asserts that each individual who enters into any society possesses certain rights that no government can deny. The Declaration of Independence is a full and formal declaration adopted on July 4, 1776 by the representatives of the thirteen coloniesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Its Independence1765 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence remains a sacred but a poorly understood document to numerous people. To understand the most significant issue found in the document itself, we must first observe the historical context behind the text itself. Commonly, the text itself represents a range of America’s efforts to create a new and independent society but what made Americans so prone to declare itself its independence? As the document reveals a list of issues that ultimately led civilians to free themselvesRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Declaration of Independence is one of the most remarkable documents of the United States of America. The elaborate document contains almost fourteen-hundred words including a basic structure divided into two parts and within the two divided parts contains four main ideas within seven components. The declaration is not just any standard written document; it is a work of art painted by colonists who are driven by rage because of King George III of Great Britain injustices’ toward the coloniesRead MoreSimilarities Between The Declaration Of Independence And The Declaration Of Independence948 Words   |  4 Pageswithstood the test of time and have become statement pieces for our society. In this group, the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson and Common Sense by Thomas Paine both hold high positions. Thomas Paine wrote â€Å"The Crisis†, which was a chapter in his pamphlet Common Sense, which advocated that the thirteen original colonies gain independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence was a government document written in 1776 that proclaims America a state of democracy not connected

Sally Jameson Free Essays

To: Prof. Chalmers From: Travis Ramme and Meghan Smith Date: April 26th, 2007 Re: Ms. Chalmers’ Compensation Choices 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Sally Jameson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ignoring taxation and other constraints, Ms. Jameson is better off taking the options. The stock currently trading at $18. 75 and the exercise price is $35. This may seem drastically far away. However, 5 year T-Bill rates are currently at 6. 02%. Combined with a current stock volatility of approximately 42%, this allows each option to be valued at approximately $4. 93. At this amount, Ms. Jameson’s options would be presently worth $14,790 were she to sell them. Where she to hold them instead, Ms. Jameson’s potential upside is limitless. Her possible gains would be equal to her number of options multiplied by the difference between the stock price and her exercise price of $35, assuming that the stock price is higher than $35. There is risk involved, however. If Ms. Jameson decides to hold onto the options and not sell them, it would be possible for her to earn nothing. If the stocks price where to stay below $35 dollars, Ms. Jameson’s options would be worth nothing. Comparatively, the $5000 cash bonus, where it to be invested over the 5 years at the risk free rate of 6. 02%, would yield only $6697. 44. 2. If Ms. Jameson was not allowed to sell her options before the allotted 5 years, the choice to take the options would have much more inherent risk. The current value of the options is derived from their market value. This market value means nothing if Ms. Jameson cannot sell the options. If this where the case, Ms. Jameson’s potential profits would be created solely by the Telstar stock rising to a price that was greater than $35 by the end of 5 years. In fact, to equal the $6697. 44 value of the bonus she could have chosen instead, the stock would have to reach a price of at least $37. 23. This value would allow the 3000 options to be exercised for a profit of $6697. 44. This, however, is ignoring the fact that Ms. Jameson would have to pay taxes and transaction fees. If Ms. Jameson was not allowed to sell her options, she should choose the $5000 up front bonus. It represents a less risky asset. 3. Companies are often inclined to use stock options to compensate employees rather than exhausting cash flow. It does not directly cost a company anything in terms of â€Å"accounting costs. † There is, however, an implied economic cost equal to that of outside investors’ costs. The cost of a stock option is more or less a perceived cost, as the true value is not concrete and is virtually unknown at the time of issuance. This is due to the length of the option and specified strike price being of possible value at expiration date. The current value of an option is dependent on the performance of the company and its stock price, that is, in the future. Executive stock options help align an executive employee’s monetary compensation with both individual performance and the overall performance of the firm. In this sense, an executive is encouraged to act in the best interests of the firm and to also to take some risks to grow the company in which they work for and thus, increase the company’s stock prices. Stock options are an effective way to correlate performance and compensation, but mainly only for employees that are in positions that can have an affect on the company’s performance. Employees in executive, decision-making positions have the ability to impact the profitability and growth of the organization, whereas administrative assistant positions would not be as likely to improve performance due to being compensated with stock options. Companies could better individualize compensation packages for different positions. Executive positions fit the stock options benefit plan while administrative assistants may prefer stock purchasing rights rather than options. Other employees that fall somewhere in the middle would be better suited for a combination of monetary compensation, stock options and stock in the firm. In addition, stock options with a lessened length of time to the expiration date may prove to drive option-holding employees to set short-term, achievable goals. Employees would be given successive stock options to promote their care for the company without feeling as though they are being forced to stay with the organization. This set up of granting stock options would also help to encourage performance of employees to lead to both the short and long term success of the firm. . If Ms. Jameson decided that the option was a better deal, but was concerned with being too committed and reliant on the fortunes of Telstar, she could modify her compensation package to better suit her individual needs. Ms. Jameson would be taking considerable risk by keeping all of her bonus in Telstar for stock options with such a lengthy expiration date a nd also due to the historical data of Telstar showing that only stock prices reached $35 (the exercise price) only once. Instead of holding on to all 3,000 issued stock options, Ms. Jameson could keep a portion of the stock options and trade some in the market. Keeping some Telstar stock options would help keep her tied to the company without making her feel that she is bound to the company for the next five years or that she is facing enormous risk of losing her bonus altogether. By doing this, Ms. Jameson would provide herself with the opportunity to make investments outside of Telstar, and thus, better diversify her investments. How to cite Sally Jameson, Papers

Value Chain Activities

Question: Discuss about the case study of Value Chain Activities. Answer: Introduction to Value Chain Analysis There are different set of activities which any company in any specific industry needs to carry out so as to provide valuable services or products to its customers. It forms a very important part any companys competitive strategy (Fearne, 2012). It contains a set of primary and secondary activities which is presented in the next section. Fig. 1: Value Chain by Michael Porter Primary Activities The Primary activities are the one which the company needs to perform and excel in so as to create the value which will satisfy its customers. As per Michael Porters value chain (Fig. 1), the primary activities include Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, Sales and Marketing and Service. These activities define the way the company operates and have direct impact on its reputation in the market. Secondary Activities The secondary activities support the primary activities to be performed by the company in order to create the valuable product or service. These include the activities like Procurement, Technology, Human Resource Management and Firm Infrastructure. These help the company to carry out their primary activities (Hollensen, 2015). Cost Advantages and Value Chain The company performs cost benefit analysis every time it starts its operations. These help in identifying the shortcomings in the value chain process. It also helps in getting to know the exact cost advantages that the company will achieve with the proper implementation of its value chain. Differentiation and Value Chain The value chain comprises of activities like logistics, operations, marketing where companies try to apply unique strategies which will give them a competitive edge over their competitors. This creates a differentiation between products and services provided by them with those of the competitors and help the company to provide valuable product to their customers. Technology and the Value Chain Technology acts as a supporting tool within the value chain. It helps the companies to enhance their primary activities with inclusion of newer technologies in the respective fields (Soosay, 2012). For example, the companies use latest supply chain tool to track their logistics and operations. The technology also helps in bringing all the departments within a company in the same platform. Linkages between Value Chain Activities The value chain activities are tightly linked with each other. All the activities are closely related and cannot provide value with any of the missing activity. All the primary activities are required to complete the supply chain cycle in the best possible manner. To complete the primary activities, supporting activities like human resource, technology, infrastructure and procurement are very much essential. Outsourcing Value Chain Activities Some of the value chain activities are generally outsourced to third party companies so as to allow the firm to focus on their core competency (Simatupang, 2014). Primary activities like Inbound and Outbound logistics are generally outsourced to logistics provider so as to keep the firms focus towards operations which will provide the product which will satisfy the customers. Conclusion In the above sections, we have discussed about the primary and secondary activities of the value chain analysis and its linkages with various other parameters. Companies try to differentiate themselves with other competitors with the help of value chain analysis. References Fearne, A., Garcia Martinez, M. and Dent, B., 2012. Dimensions of sustainable value chains: implications for value chain analysis. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 17(6), pp.575-581. Hollensen, S., 2015. Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Soosay, C., Fearne, A. and Dent, B., 2012. Sustainable value chain analysis-A case study of Oxford Landing from vine to dine. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 17(1), pp.68-77. Simatupang, T.M., Piboonrungroj, P. and Williams, S.J., 2014. The Emergence of Value Chain Thinking. Proceedings of T-LOG.

Vehicle Supporting Processes

American Eagle Outfitters Vs. Aéropostal

American Eagle Outfitters Vs. Aà ©ropostal Introduction American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) is a well established clothing retailer with stores in various towns and cities across the world. The company was established in 1977 by Jerry and Mark Silverman. In 1991, however, an abortive expansion plan resulted in huge financial losses for the company.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Eagle Outfitters Vs. Aà ©ropostal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This forced the Silverman family to sell their rights and thus ownership was transferred to the Schottenstein family. Change of ownership resulted in an overhaul of the company’s operations. As a result, the company managed to sustain growth in the last decade. Currently, American Eagle Outfitters has a total of 1,086 stores. The stores mainly sell the company’s key brands namely, American eagle, Aerie, and 77 kids. The company has stores in the United States, Canada, Central and South Ame rica, and the Middle East. American Eagle Outfitters specializes in a wide range of products including clothing, accessories, and footwear, among others. The company also runs an online store where consumers across the world can shop using their debit or credit cards. The company has a workforce of 34, 900 employees. The company has managed to segment the market using various brands. Aerie, for example, is a brand whose target market includes females between the ages of 15 to 24. On the other hand, 77 kids targets toddlers of between 0-24 months. This strategy has ensured a continued rise in the company’s net income after the 2008 global financial crisis. For example, in 2011, American eagle net income rose to $ 151.7 million. This is a 7% increase from 2010 when the net income reported was $ 148 million (American Eagle, n. d.). Aà ©ropostale is one of American eagle outfitters’ main competitors. The company was established in 1987 by Bryan Alberto. The company has a total of 1,008 stores spread across North America, Central America, and the Middle East. In 2005, the company established an online store. The venture has proved quite successful with the store reporting net sales in excess of $ 150 million. The company’s main target market mainly includes teenagers of between 14 and 17 years. In addition, the company has also launched P.S, a children’s clothing store. The store’s main target market is children between the ages of 7 and12 years.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the stores have expanded their focus to include products for children between the ages of 5 and 7 years. Aà ©ropostale has 17,828 employees and prides itself in such core values such integrity, teamwork, respect and compassion. The main aim of the report is to give an in depth comparison between American Eagle Outfitter s (AEO) and Aà ©ropostale clothing retailers. In this case, the comparison will be based on various economic aspects including selection, pricing, breadth and depth of assortment. The report further explores employees’ welfare including employee satisfaction, work, and incentive programs. Discussion Brands In order to increase their bottom lines, the above companies have introduced a variety of brands.The companies’ main aim is to increase products available to customers. AEO has three major stores. Each of these stores stocks an assortment of products that is different from the other stores. AEO stores stocks clothes and accessories for both men and women between ages of 18-24 (American Eagle American, n.d). Men’s clothing includes shirts, polo shirts, graphic t-shirts and sweat shirts. Also, the store stocks bottoms such as jeans, pants, shorts and boat shorts. Women’s clothing includes tops, graphic t-shirts and stylish tank tops. Also, the store cont ains swim wear whose net sales rise during the summer. The store has a wide variety of footwear and accessories. Men’s footwear includes boots, casuals and sneakers while women footwear includes sandals, heels, flats, boots and sneakers. The accessories department has a range of products including bags, wallets, sun glasses, jewelry and hats. Aerie stores, specialize in women clothing including undergarments and other accessories. 77 Kids stores stocks a variety of children’s clothing and accessories. Products cater for toddlers up to fourteen year olds. Aà ©ropostale stores mainly target teenagers. The stores have products for boys and girls. Some of the products include camis, tank tops, fashion tops for girls. On the other hand, boy’s clothing includes hoodies, polos, tees and Henleys (Aeropostal Careers, n. d.). Aà ©ropostale also introduced surfing themed collection aimed at increasing sales at the stores. P.S, a subsidiary of aà ©ropostale stores, stock s children clothing and accessories. The store’s main target market is children between the ages of 7 and12 years. Pricing Pricing is an important aspect of any competitive market. Competitors ensure reduced costs so as to offer consumers the lowest prices in the market (Wilkie, 2008). Both AEO and Aà ©ropostale have different prices for their range of products. The following table is a brief comparison of prices of both companies’ spring collection products;Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Eagle Outfitters Vs. Aà ©ropostal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aà ©ropostale/Item Price American Eagle/Item Price Aero 87 So Cal Graphic T $ 9.00 AE Signature Graphic T $ 15.50 Solid a87 pique polo $26.50 AE Athletic Fit Pique $ 19.99 Western plaid shirt $ 22.00 AE Plaid Button –up shirt $ 34.99 Boot cut jean light wash $ 20.00 Boot cut jean Light wash $29.99 Floral Hentl ey dress $ 24.00 AE Floral Corset dress $29.99 Leopard Aviator Sunglasses $ 12.00 AE white aviator sun glasses $ 15.50 Aero 87 lace up sneakers $ 20.00 AE Lace-up sneaker $19.50 Aero nyc 1987 fragrance –large bottle $ 12.50 AE Live Roller ball for her $ 12.50 The above table offers a comparison of some of the products sold by both Aà ©ropostale and AEO. Both stores offer discount s to their customers. Aà ©ropostale offers customers a discount of up to 70% for its spring collection. On the other hand, American eagle offers its customers a discount of up to 50% for its spring collection buy off. Employee welfare Aà ©ropostale prides itself in an organizational culture guided by its core values including integrity, teamwork, respect and compassion. The company was rated by Fortune magazine among the best companies for an individual to work for. Various incentives are offered in the company including cash awards and employee of the month awards (Aeropostal Careers, n. d.). Also, new employees are trained on aspects such as customer relations. This is important as new employees appreciate the importance of adequate of product knowledge. Employees at AEO have the freedom to interact with customers with minimum interference from senior staff (Gurufocus, n. d.). Also, the company has a wide range of employment opportunities. Therefore, high school and college students are in a position to apply for sales associate jobs. The company has put a lot of emphasis on customer satisfaction. Therefore, the company organizes seminars and retreats for its employee to enhance product knowledge on any new products introduced at the store. Reference List Aeropostal Careers. (n.d.). Careers in Aà ©ropostale. Web. American Eagle. (n. d.). American Eagle Outfitters. Web. Gurufocus. (n.d.). American Eagle Outfitters operating results. Web. Wilkie, W. L. (2008). Consumer behavior. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Can the concept of security be defined should it be Essay

Can the concept of security be defined should it be - Essay Example In addition, while there is an agreement on the broadening agenda of security, incriminate expansion of the concept, hinders intellectual coherence of the concept and the security field. More importantly, the remaining importance of the question of war and violence under international anarchy cannot be ignored. This paper begins by questioning what security is and identifying its conceptual difficulties. This includes an examination of conflicting theories in Security Studies. Secondly, the narrow concept of security defined by traditional theory developed during the Cold War is discussed. Thirdly, proponents in favour of extending the concept of security in more detail are examined as well as the different dimensions of security challenging traditional concepts. Fourthly, limitations arising out of indiscriminate expansion of the concept are examined. Fifthly, a critical analysis of contemporary discourse which comes across as Eurocentric will be conducted. In this regard, the need for the strong and the weak in the same context is suggested. Finally, a conclusion is provided suggesting that relational thinking should be applied to security studies. Introduction Security studies dramatically developed in response to the development and spread of nuclear weapons and the corresponding conflicts between two superpowers during the Cold War influencing the growth of international relations (IR) theory. After World War (WW) II, the nuclear arms race between the US and the former Soviet Union produced myriad strategic concepts characterized by the balance of power, bipolar world, containment and deterrence comprising the major issues during the Cold War. Realist theory emerged dominating IR, displacing the earlier emphasis on international law and organisations. Rational problem solving emphasizes scientifically calculating interest, cost and the best alternatives. The central question for strategists during the Cold War was how states could states could use weapons of mass destruction as policy instruments, given the risk of nuclear exchange (Walt, 1991, p.214). Cold War security discourse therefore required a reflection of the immediate reality and as a result, historical and cultural contexts were largely ignored or relegated to low politics. For example strategic theory failed to satisfactorily explain theVietnam War as there was little attention to Vietnamese cultural context and instead relied on expectations that the Vietnamese adversary would conform to academic models (Kolodziej, 2005, p.23). With the collapse of the former Soviet Union and thus the end of the Cold War, low politics gained currency, commanding the adoption of a new concept of security by expanding on the traditional concept. Thus, in 1994 the UNDP advocated for a transition 'from nuclear security to human security' which included issues such as ‘hunger, disease and repression', and 'protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions'. In 1995, the International Commi ssion on Global Governance recommended that international security must be reconceptualised to direct attention ‘to the security of people and the planet.' In other words, difficulties for mankind generally or specific communities are now conceptualized as security risks. Changes in the past have resulted in changes in conditions and thus have corresponded with changes relative to the concept of securit

The DHS Progress Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The DHS Progress - Term Paper Example DHS is presently in the analyzing process of appraising its global footprint of more than 1,500 personnel in 75 countries (DHS, 2011). The massive transformation of the DHS is the biggest restructuring of the government since the late 1940s when the CIA, Defense Department, and National Security Council were formed (Kahn, 2009). Relationship between the DHS and various law enforcement and intelligence agencies has undergone change over the years. Working on a strategy of sharing information by various federal, state, and local-level agencies after the 9/11 threat, it needed to create a â€Å"trusted partnership† among them to make information exchange integrated, interlinked, efficient and automatic to guarantee national security. The two departments, namely the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Department of Justice (DOJ) manage information connected to homeland security information systems. Other than that, a number of governmental, commercial, and private organizations provide warning signals, updates, and databases to the officials of homeland security to strengthen the action-taking efforts. Besides, state-level â€Å"fusion centers† also assimilate, research, and distribute â€Å"all-source† homeland security information (Bean, 2009). After the 9/11 attack, the need for cooperation among various agencies, such as intelligence, law enforcement, and emergency management has attracted focus. Earlier, there was no information sharing taking place before 9/11. It was noted to be the biggest hurdle that human and system sharing was always discouraged. The need was felt of providing incentives for exchanging information so that an increased equilibrium could be maintained between security and exchanged information. New laws were codified on Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. Further, such policies and systems were framed and enforced by federal agencies that encouraged information exchange. These attempts got

Employability and Personal Development Assignment

Employability and Personal Development - Assignment Example Technological advances, multi-education programs, highly dynamic business environments and human mind-set have caused significant changes in the job-market over the last few decades. When it comes to the present day job-market, modern and traditional career makes greater differences, for instance, women generally tend to choose traditional career opportunities than the other, although they too embrace modern jobs in greater numbers. Modern career spans various jobs like skilled trading, services, professional and technical career etc. Modern jobs seem to be more challenging and better paying opportunities than the traditional careers. Technical or professional careers require higher qualifications and specialized skills whereas traditional careers are ordinary stereo-typed jobs that do not require such qualifications and skills. Modern jobs are more paying than traditional ones due to that traditional jobs are easy to perform and are requiring less skills and qualifications. As there are major differences between modern and traditional careers in respect to the skills, qualifications, knowledge and experience required for each, matter of interest and job satisfaction also become significant factors. For example, people seem to enjoy more satisfaction from skilled trading or technical jobs due to that it is more paying and more dignified jobs than the traditional ones. In these days, modern jobs are preferred by women and this trend has been increasing tremendously in many countries. It is not unusual to see females in many skilled trading, technical and professional careers like nursing, managing, sportscaster etc. The career being chosen must be one that gives satisfaction so that it may not be a burden throughout one’s life. I consider modern career to be approached and I feel that modern careers are challenges. There can be many formal job-seeking steps to be followed like meeting

Jungs Plurality of the Psyche Theory | Analysis

Jungs Plurality of the Psyche Theory | Analysis Tamara Gordon Jung Archetypal Psychology It has been said that Jung’s psychology is an investigation into ‘the meaning of being plural.’ Explore Jung’s ideas about the plurality of the psyche, indicating why he regarded the person as a site for multiple selves, complexes and parts. Further, explore the relationship between unity and diversity, the One and Many, in Jung’s psychology. Jung believed it was too simple to say that there one just one self. Jung believed there are many parts to the self, that there is a plurality to the psyche. These parts of the self includes, the idea of multiple selves, the anima and animus, the ego, shadow, the Self and the persona. This also includes complexes and parts. Jung also discusses the idea of the self and in context to unity and diversity, being one and many; this can be connected to the self in terms of the collective unconscious. I will explore this idea through the idea of being one self amongst a collective, and the relationship between the person unconscious and the collective unconscious. The Self â€Å"is an archetype which expresses the totality of the psyche, and includes the ego and unconscious,† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 25) the Self is an integration of parts. Jung believes that the Self is plural and that â€Å"the more aware we are that we are composed of different selves, the less likely we are to suffer a full splitting of the personality† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 25). Jung puts forward the idea of two selves. He saw himself as two selves, one, â€Å"the son of my parents†¦etc,† the other was a â€Å"grown up- old†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 23). He believed that the first self is the ego self and the second self the more creative self. â€Å"it is the second self, he believed, that generates creativity and intuition, whereas the ego- the first self- is more concerned with social adaptation and personal stability† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 26). â€Å"To achieve wholeness, one first has to go through the experience of fragmentation and experience the many parts of which the psyche is composed† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 73).To be able to really experience what it is to be a whole self, we need to experience all the parts as an individual so that we can then experience the self. One needs to experience the ego and experience the shadow, animus and anima as individuals to be able to experience our self as a whole. Our ego is what makes our personality. The ego is the â€Å"complex factor to which all conscious contents are related† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 155). The ego is the â€Å"centre of the field of consciousness,† and the â€Å"centre of all personal acts† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 155). Jung believes that the ego has no limitations as it is â€Å"capable of indefinite extension,† however it is limited by the unknown, which falls into two groups of objects, â€Å"those which are outside and can be experienced by the senses and those which are inside and are experienced immediately.† The first being the â€Å"outer world,† and the second the â€Å"inner world,† Jung also calls the inner world the â€Å"unconscious† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 155) thereby relating the ego to the unconscious. This ego is in the centre of our conscious; the ego is what brings all these parts together to create the self. The shadow is the part of our ‘inner world,’ part of our unconscious. We work on bringing our shadow into conscious awareness so that we can better understand ourselves as a whole. Jung describes this part of ourselves as the â€Å"dark side† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 55). He believed that â€Å"the more an individual or group strived for light, the longer and darker is the shadow that is cast† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 55). The shadow along with the anima and animus are believed to be the â€Å"most disturbing influence on the ego† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 158). We attempt to bring these aspects into conscious awareness so that we can experience them. The easiest of these to experience is the shadow. According to Jung the shadow is â€Å"a moral problem that challenges the whole ego-personality, for no one can become conscious of the shadow without considering moral effort.† This involves â€Å"recognising the dark aspects of the personality as present and real.† (Tacey, How to Read Jung, 2007, p. 158). By bringing these dark parts of ourselves, our shadow parts of self into consciousness we are able to better understand our self and our weaknesses. By bringing them into our conscious we are able to experience them and strengthen our self. We can do this through experiencing and acknowledging our projections. â€Å"The evil within ourselves is experienced first of all through projection. â€Å"Since the idea of possessing evil qualities is abhorrent, we ‘project’ these qualities upon those around us† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 57). Anima and animus are the inner parts of our self which balances out our masculine and feminine energies. A man possesses the anima and the woman possesses the Animus. Jung describes these through Logos and Eros. In men, â€Å"Eros, the function of relationship, is usually less developed than logos.† In woman, â€Å"Eros is an expression of their true nature, while Logos is often only a regrettable accident† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 163). â€Å"Anima – The internal, unconscious feminine aspect of a man,† where as the â€Å"Animus – The internal, unconscious male aspect of a woman.† Anima is the Latin word for soul, the â€Å"seductive and feminine power within a man,† this is the Eros. The animus is Latin for mind or spirit, this is the â€Å"willful and visionary masculine luminosity within woman,† (David Van Nuys) this is the Logos. â€Å"Since the anima is an archetype that is found in men it is reasonable to suppose that an equivalent archetype must be present in women,† just like the â€Å"man is compensated by a feminine element, so to the woman is compensated by a masculine one† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 63). Jung believes that â€Å"masculinity and femininity are principles of the human psyche,† these are â€Å"essential elements or constitutive qualities of the mind† (Tacey, The Jung Reader, 2012, p. 65). For Jung the masculinity and femininity are co-existing and complementary, they work together in unconscious of the psyche. These are the harder parts of the unconscious to experience. When we are able to experience our inner Eros and Logos we are able to gain a greater awareness of self. The persona we don’t generally see as part of our self, though it is. This part helps us shape our personality and who we are. The persona is a â€Å"social mask,† it is the â€Å"sum total of the conventional attitudes that an individual adopts because he belongs to certain groups,† (Ellenberger, 1970, p. 707) for example, social class, occupation, political parties, etc. It is possible that a person can identify so strongly with their persona that they lose themselves in it and lose contact with their true personality. Identifying ones persona may help us connect back into our true selves. This image bellow, diagram 1, shows the relationship between the Ego, Shadow and Self and where it falls in the consciousness. The Ego is shown to be in the consciousness, meaning that everything in our ego is known to us, this is what creates our personality and makes up who we are as a person. The persona we take on knowingly, this is why it is in our consciousness. The shadow falls into our personal unconscious. Meaning that the things we don’t like about ourselves and things we cannot cope with gets pushed down into the unconscious. The Self is found in the collective unconscious. These are the parts of us that everyone possesses in them, though may not be known to us. These are our archetypal layers, our anima and animus. Diagram 1. Consciousness _________________________________ Personal Unconscious Collective unconscious (Jung Talks, 2011) The complex is found within the personal unconscious. The personal unconscious is made up of â€Å"content which have at one time been conscious but which have disappeared from consciousness through having been forgotten or repressed† (Jung) In Jung’s view of a complex, a complex is an â€Å"individual’s experience of a universal tendency† (Jung Talks, 2011). For example the individuals view of their mother, which is universal. The complex is a set of feeling tones and ideas clustered around an archetypal core. When working with a complex, i.e. the mother complex, the complex begins to shift and change within the therapy. The good mother image and the bad mother image come together and change the archetype. It is important to bring to light our complexes, to work through them and be able to strengthen our inner self. Unlike the personal unconscious, the collective unconscious is not experienced. The content of the collective unconscious have â€Å"never been in consciousness, and therefore have never been individually acquired, but owe their existence exclusively to heredity† (Jung). While the personal unconscious is made up of mostly complexes the collective unconscious is made up of archetypes. It consists of â€Å"pre-existing forms, the archetypes, which can only become conscious secondarily and which give definite form to certain psychic contents† (Jung). These archetypes that we find in the collective unconscious are identifiable universally and culturally. As an individual we all possess different aspects, traits and beliefs within our communities, social groups, work places, etc., as well as universally. These are all part of our collective unconscious. Universally, we inherit the archetypes of simply being human. Along with this we inherit the beliefs and values of what it means to be a human. In our social groups we inherit archetypes such as, the nerd or the jock and these are played out and seen through stereo types. One can be an individual and plural together, both the ego self and the collective unconscious. For example, in my collective unconscious I possess archetypes such as, Jewish woman, student, waitress etc. I can relate universally to anyone who also poses these archetypes within their collective unconscious. It is my ego and my Self that makes me who I am in relation to these archetypes. It is these parts of myself who make me act in certain ways whilst in these roles, much like the persona. My ego directs me on the way I show that I am Jewish through my personality and behaviours. It is through my ego that directs me to be a studious student and to learn in the manner I learn best in. It is also my ego who directs my personality to be a kind and helpful waitress. It is the collective unconscious who helps direct the ego and all its elements in developing the knowledge of what it truly is to have one Self. Through this paper I have discussed the idea of multiple selves thorough discussing the anima, animus, ego, shadow, the Self and persona. As well as the idea of the personal unconscious compared to the collective unconscious and how they work together. From here we can see how Jung felt believed that whiles we are one person we can be many Selves. Reference: David Van Nuys, P. (n.d.). Myth, Dream and Symbol Psychology 322. Retrieved from http://www.sonoma.edu/users/v/vannuysd/322/AnimaAnimus.pdf Ellenberger, H. F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious. USA: Basic Books. Jung Talks. (2011). C.G Jung Society of Melbourne. Melbourne, Australia: Annette Lowe. Jung, C. (n.d.). The concept of the Collective Unconscious. Retrieved from http://www.bahaistudies.net/asma/The-Concept-of-the-Collective-Unconscious.pdf Tacey, D. (2007). How to Read Jung. Great Britain: Granata Publication. Tacey, D. (Ed.). (2012). The Jung Reader. Sussex: Routleedge. Bottom of Form 1

Black & Decker Essay -- Business, Globalization

Black & Decker was recognized as the power tools international industry leader during the early1980’s. However, due to the maturity of its power tools business and competition from companies joining the global market, B&D shifted from a single business firm to a diversified company. Early success with acquisitions such as GE propelled the company to acquire Emhart, a highly diversified manufacturer of industrial products. The acquisition of Emhart is well documented and provides a roadmap for the internal and external challenges and opportunities companies face when attempting to gain market share, increase profits, and expand globally through diversification. Thus, the integration and globalization strategy B&D used after buying Emhart will be examined. Globalization Strategy 1. What do you think of Grunewald’s plan for creating a â€Å"global lock business†? Grunewald’s plan to gain market share by acquiring a company that will continue Black & Decker’s diversification strategy and provide inroads to other international markets had merit. It was, in fact, what he was hired to do- expand the business globally (Cummings & Worley, 2009). According to B&D CEO, Nolan Archibald, Emhart’s distribution channels and products such as Kwikset door locks, Price Pfister faucets, and Bostik adhesives, aligned with B&D’s product lines, in other words, it was a good fit (Deutsch, 1989). Moreover, both companies have international experience. B&D targets homeowners while Emhart’s target market is industrial (Deutsch, 1989). Also, the merger will increase B&D’s margin significantly. For example, Archibald estimates increased revenues of $50 million by moving products through integrated distribution channels (Deutsch, 1989). Finally,... ...its global strategy and be competitive with existing international companies (Yips, 1996). Conclusion The ability to compete globally is a problem all companies face. It requires a departure from traditional methods of operation and an awareness of external and internal forces that can undermine a company’s success. Thus, a clear strategic plan engineered by experienced and committed managers is necessary. B&D assumed that its past success with diversification and acquisitions inoculated them from making a mis-step. This bravado, if you will, caused B&D to ignore the warning signs when acquiring Emhart; a venture that took approximately ten years to recover from. Consequently, B&D returned to its core strategy of product innovation, quality, and concentration on profitable company acquisitions in order to remain competitive in the global market. Black & Decker Essay -- Business, Globalization Black & Decker was recognized as the power tools international industry leader during the early1980’s. However, due to the maturity of its power tools business and competition from companies joining the global market, B&D shifted from a single business firm to a diversified company. Early success with acquisitions such as GE propelled the company to acquire Emhart, a highly diversified manufacturer of industrial products. The acquisition of Emhart is well documented and provides a roadmap for the internal and external challenges and opportunities companies face when attempting to gain market share, increase profits, and expand globally through diversification. Thus, the integration and globalization strategy B&D used after buying Emhart will be examined. Globalization Strategy 1. What do you think of Grunewald’s plan for creating a â€Å"global lock business†? Grunewald’s plan to gain market share by acquiring a company that will continue Black & Decker’s diversification strategy and provide inroads to other international markets had merit. It was, in fact, what he was hired to do- expand the business globally (Cummings & Worley, 2009). According to B&D CEO, Nolan Archibald, Emhart’s distribution channels and products such as Kwikset door locks, Price Pfister faucets, and Bostik adhesives, aligned with B&D’s product lines, in other words, it was a good fit (Deutsch, 1989). Moreover, both companies have international experience. B&D targets homeowners while Emhart’s target market is industrial (Deutsch, 1989). Also, the merger will increase B&D’s margin significantly. For example, Archibald estimates increased revenues of $50 million by moving products through integrated distribution channels (Deutsch, 1989). Finally,... ...its global strategy and be competitive with existing international companies (Yips, 1996). Conclusion The ability to compete globally is a problem all companies face. It requires a departure from traditional methods of operation and an awareness of external and internal forces that can undermine a company’s success. Thus, a clear strategic plan engineered by experienced and committed managers is necessary. B&D assumed that its past success with diversification and acquisitions inoculated them from making a mis-step. This bravado, if you will, caused B&D to ignore the warning signs when acquiring Emhart; a venture that took approximately ten years to recover from. Consequently, B&D returned to its core strategy of product innovation, quality, and concentration on profitable company acquisitions in order to remain competitive in the global market.

BTEC Unit

Complete all columns In the table below. Functions/skills of management Functions/skills of leadership Differences between management and leadership Planning Identifying workloads, responsibilities, collective goals. Delegating tasks and responsibility and ensuring employees work together to meet personal and workforce goals. Planning Staffing requirements and Rota's Recruitment, selection & placement. Training & development. Performance appraisal. Supervision Leadership Communication Ensuring employees are performing their roles too high standard.Taking capillary action if and when required Ensuring legal obligations are met Setting objectives for the team and the individual Planning SMART objectives and making sure the team are aware of them and motivated to meet them. Communicating and ensuring open channels of communication. Team Building supporting team members to achieve the goal as a collective Evaluating performance and using training to support team members to build on weakn esses. Motivating members of the team through smaller goals, praise, and reinforcement. Organizing and ensuring that strengths and weaknesses of the team re accounted for.Showing commitment and enthusiasm and working within the team to support its members to reach their objective. Being a leader is a skill of a good manager however you can be a manager without being a leader. Some managers can identify workloads, delegate and supervise but they do not inspire, motivate and lead effectively. In some cases the lack of leadership can be negated by a strong and motivated team however in other cases It can cause a team to fracture and not succeed to meet their objective. Outcome 2, AC 1- written question Describe the methods of allocating work to others?Why is planning and agreement of these important? In order to allocate work to teams and individuals, you need to decide with your team how to distribute tasks and responsibilities. You need to make sure this allocation makes best use of their strengths, and provides opportunities for employees to learn and develop in their roles. You need to make it clear what is expected of team members and check their commitment to their work. By planning this with team members both as a group and individually you will promote ownership of roles and increase each members dedication to meeting their individual and group objectives.Team members can request training to develop their knowledge and aspire towards more responsibility and greater tasks. Outcome 2, AC 2 – table Complete all columns within the table below. Types of conflict Ways of managing conflict Outcomes to managing conflict in this way 1 . Interdependence Conflicts. For example key worker / case holder, both employees rely on the other to complete their tasks so they can effectively complete theirs. If one person in this relationship does not do their work the other cannot complete theirs. 2. Differences in Style.Employees may have different priorities or idea s around what s important when completing a task. They may be goal or person orientated. Neither may be wrong however lack of understanding of working styles can cause conflict. 3. Differences in Background/Gender. Conflicts can arise between people because of differences in educational backgrounds, personal experiences, ethnic heritage, gender and political preferences. 4. Differences in Leadership. Employees who change from one leader to another can become confused and irritated by the different leadership styles.They may be use to a directive leader and find it difficult to manage a more nurturing approach Having a quiet word Investigating the problem informally Using internal procedures – for example, company procedures for dealing with grievances Improving the way you communicate and consult with employees Team Meetings This can sometimes resolve a conflict without the need for escalation This may be a supervisor or manager investigating the cause of conflict and taking action without the need for official procedures.This is a more formal route and will involve the manager and any HER or union representatives. A formal outcome will be reached up to and including dismissal. The company's overall goals. Allows staff to air their grievances in a positive and constructive manner. Why is it important that you recognize causes of conflict within a team? Motivation drops: fewer people volunteer to take on new tasks and there is little employee input at staff meetings or handovers. Behavior changes: people start to make derogatory remarks towards each other and a culture of gossip, and back stabbing is created.Productivity falls: there are likely to be more queries and complaints if people are not cooperating with each other. Sickness absence increases: unhappiness may lead to depression, or avoidable sickness. Unit 1 Outcome 2, AC 3 – written question Analyses the link between leadership skills and motivation? Motivation is goal-oriented behavior, and leaders influence behavior to and therefore whether or not employees achieve goals. To promote and uphold motivation on the part of employees, leaders carefully manage individual and organizational performance to reach goals that are clearly achievable.Motivation requires employees to believe that they can accomplish the task. Individuals are less likely to work toward a goal if it has little or no probability of success. Effective leaders communicate with employees to assess levels of maturity, kill and self-esteem. They promote the training, support and coaching necessary to build confidence and develop mission-essential skills. Ineffective leaders have the opposite effect; they belittle employees and their work and don't train or nurture employees so the likely hood of them buying into and ultimately achieving the goal is significantly reduced.Outcome 3, AC 1 – written question Delegation is a way of getting a Job done by someone else. This does not mean allowing anybo dy to do your Job as you don't want to but identifying the appropriate person to complete a task effectively, allowing you to strategically manage. To ensure delegation is effective the following criteria must be met: Staff know what is wanted of them They have the authority to achieve it they know how to do it. They can make decisions and complete the task whilst meeting the aims of the company.Unit 1 Outcome 3, AC 2 – written question Describe ways of coordinating delegated work? After delegating work it is important to stay in control and coordinate the work whilst refraining from stifling staff and dictating what they do. Ask for regular feedback, weather daily weekly or monthly and be prepared to teach and guide staff as well as old them accountable for their actions and work. Good communication skills are imperative as when coordinating delegated work this may mean coordinating the work of multiple staff members across several teams.Arrange and chair meetings between al l parties and ensure that communication if fluid between individuals as well as with management. If any of your staff falls short of your expectations, by being irresponsible or not completing a task, replace that person. On the other hand, if any of them does a good Job, praise, motivate, and increase the self confidence of that person. Outcome 3, AC 3 – written question Analyses possible psychological barriers to delegation? Feeling of superiority: Managers may feel that they should be seen to have the more ‘important' or ‘managerial' tasks as this will Justify their position.Fear of exposure: Senior staff may feel that if they delegate their workload and it is easily achieved by staff members then they will be seen as unimportant or at risk of employees trying to take their Job as it is achievable. Feeling of indispensability: If their Job can be done by someone else they may become dispensable and less needed or important to the companies objectives. Unit 1 Ou tcome 4, AC 1 – written question Describe the value of setting agreed work objectives with team members?Setting objectives in consultation with the supervisor allows staff the opportunity to express the way the Job gets done, raise concerns or ideas about what is to be accomplished. ‘Sharing the load' increases the staff member's commitment and motivation to achieve the agreed objectives. Ensures that the staff member understand what the allocate their time and resources effectively. Provides a clear understanding of how the work will be measured and evaluated, enabling the staff member to assess their win performance, and make any improvements where required.Outcome 4, AC 2 – table Ways of providing support to meet work objectives with team members Benefits to each type of support Induction Training Supervision Appraisal If every new starter completes a clear and comprehensive training programmer then they will be supported to fully understand the company's aims and how their role meets these aims. They will know what is expected of them and how to fulfill each task. Training develops knowledge and also provides refreshers to employees throughout their career. It reminds them not only of what to do but how to do it.Supervision takes place regularly and gives supervisor and supervise the opportunity to reflect on the supervises work practices, identify any areas which the supervise needs additional support or training. Allows the employee to reflect and develop a personal development plan which will outline objectives for the following year. It also enables the employer to make the Outcome 5, AC 1 – written question Outline ways of developing a quality culture in the workplace? Lead by example: Employees take the lead from their manager. By showing a positive practical and problem solving approach it is likely that employees will follow this example.Training: This supports employees to understand the company's objectives, how their r ole meets these objectives and supports them to have the knowledge and ability to meet their own criteria. Involve staff: The more staff are involved and consulted the more ownership they will take of a project. This goes on to increase their drive dedication and commitment to meeting the goals of the company. Try different approaches: If something isn't working don't be afraid to change it. This promotes problem solving and creativity. Outcome 5, AC 2 – written question Describe possible barriers to promoting quality in the workplace?People not knowing hat is expected: If people do not receive proper training and induction processes they may not fully understand their role, the companies aim and therefore how to provide it. Managers focusing on a quick fix: Being under pressure to fix problems may lead to a ‘band aid' approach rather than long term solutions. This may provide immediate results but will not lead to quality and consistency. Not knowing who's responsible: Without clear accountability and responsibility projects may not be managed and staff may not fully commit for fear of being held accountable for something they are not sure if they are responsible for.

Motivation Letter Essay

I am writing to submit letter to express my interest as a Catering assistant in your organisation. Being fresher, It is a good match with the job description you have provided on your website, I am confident in my ability to meet and exceed my goals with your organisation and helps me in future by getting experience in catering assistant. I am applying for this position because I have following skills: Washing dishes and utensils by hand. Having reliability and patient when working in fast pace environment. Provide outstanding customer service and friendly with all team members. Great understandings of cleaning and cleaning tools. Great at multi-tasking and time management skills. Ability to handle things in a discreet and confidential manner. Based on my qualifications, it is the perfect job for me to improve my skills to provide good quality customer service and learn new things from other employees. In addition to my customer service strengths, I have mastery  knowledge of kitchen cleaning or customer service and have good communication skills. My primary objective is to assist your business grow and function smoothly in any way I can This job is favourable for me because I am quick learner and ability to do anything. I am prepared to undertake any training offered and I am available for an interview anytime. If you have any further questions please do not hesitate to contact me (0223963129) I look forward to hearing from you.

Some Animals Can Adapt or Mutate for Survival

Some Animals Can Adapt or Mutate for Survival An adaptation is a physical or behavioral characteristic that has developed to allow an organism to better survive in its environment. Adaptations are the result of evolution  and may occur when a gene mutates or changes by accident. That mutation causes the organism to better survive and reproduce, and it passes on that trait to its offspring. It can take many generations to develop an adaptation. Examples of Physical Adaptations One physical adaptation used in the intertidal zone is a crabs hard shell, which protects it from predators, drying out, and being crushed by waves. One example of behavioral adaptation in the oceans is the use of loud, low-frequency calls by fin whales to communicate with other whales over great distances. Other physical adaptations that have been structurally modified may include webbed feet, sharp  claws and large beaks. Other changes made to a part of the body could be wings/flying, feathers, fur, or scales. Ways Behavioral Changes Occur Behavioral adaptations include an animals actions, which typically are in response to an external stimulus. Several of these may include what an animal is capable of eating, how they move, or the way they protect themselves. Take squirrels as an example of a behavioral adaptation. Squirrels, woodchucks, and chipmunks are able to hibernate for up to 12 months, often consuming plenty of food in preparation for winter. In this scenario, these small animals have found a way to evolve in a season to protect themselves from harsh weather conditions, preserving food, and their environment. Interesting Animal Adaptations The maned wolf (pictured above) is part of the canid family but is only a distant relative. The theory says their legs evolved to survive the tall grasslands of South America.The gerenuk can stand taller above the rest of the antelope species, which offers them a special feeding opportunity. There are over ninety-one species of antelope, creating plenty of competition amongst them.The tufted deer from China has fangs hanging from their mouths that are typically used in mating fights between males. Most deer do not possess this unique adaptation. A True Advantage The ability for mammals to adapt throughout the planet is part of why we have so many diverse animals existing today in our lands, seas, and skies.  Animals can protect themselves from predators and adapt to new environments through adaptations and mutations, unlike human beings. For example, animals that are camouflaged often have colorations or patterns that can assist them in blending in with their surroundings. This will benefit them in the long run, quite literally, when it comes to predators. Mutations may also take place through a change in DNA. What a living mammal is born with may change how it grows and what it can do over time.  Through these possibilities can animals have a larger opportunity to survive their dangerous environments and continue the circle of life by having offspring. This is the process known as natural selection.

Studies on the Economic Effects and Bans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Studies on the Economic Effects and Bans - Essay Example Most drugs are considered illegal since they have a way of causing significant side effects not only to the person abusing them but also the other people who directly interact with him or her. However, in any circumstance, cigarettes are still allowed whether an individual is hawking them or is just in their possession. There is a sort of regulation that has been put in force in purchasing the good. Age sixteen is the minimum age allowed for an individual to buy this particular commodity. However, it has been revealed by a number of researchers that greedy shopkeepers violate this policy by selling it before trying to find out the age or even identity of the buyer. Most individuals are always against smoking due to the irritating smell and are also scared of the health implications that accompany the act. When an individual begins the act, not only does he cause harm to himself but also results to environmental pollution and makes other people directly interacting with them to smoke. This is what is referred to as passive smoking and it can result to great harm to the internal body. As each year passes by, the smoking habit has greatly increased resulting to a proportional increase in passive smokers. Aware of the incoming disaster, the U.K government is in turn about to present to the queen a proposed bill that bans cigarette smoking in several public places. ASH, which stands for Action on Smoking and Health is a lobby for anti smoking whose mandate is to easily communicate with a market of their choice on the adverse effects of smoking. To achieve this, it closely works with â€Å"cancer research U.K†. Both companies professionally join forces to get rid of illnesses caused by smoking. ASH also worked with â€Å"you goo† company in carrying out prospective researches. It also issued ASH the research questionnaires. As a normal company, the main Aim of ASH it to ensure a global village free of tobacco harms. It can therefore be referred to as a public health campaigning charity organization. The ASH therefore is seen as an organization that doesn’t necessarily support the use of tobacco but is keen at dealing with the aftermath of its abuse. It can therefore be deduced that this organization is aware that completely banning cigarette smoking is hard n hence decides to focus more on how to deal with the aftermath. On the other hand, after taking my time to read an article written by Russell, I noticed called â€Å"The Facts† I noticed the authors artistic nature of pointing out the reasons behind the smoking ban. I noticed however that the studies selected by Russell take a one-sided trend and omits very significant points. In studying the smoking ban, one of the main agendas was to put solid proof to table as to why bans are relevant for business. It was discovered from a research made in California that there was a slight revenue increase of 5% after the ban was imposed. The study however fails to recognize the fact that the fact that at that very moment an overwhelming economic growth was being experienced by the country. The study also was keen at giving the exact number of businesses that strictly banned smoking. Several businesses were a part of the study yet most of them had put the ban under operation long before the study was conducted. The most affected businesses were the likes of bowling alleys, bars, bingo parlor, etc hence they were completely left out of the

Importance of Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Importance of Theory - Research Paper Example This paper will explore Nightingale’s theory which is based on systems, interactions and development, and to relate it to the nursing practice today. On a given day nurses utilize several nursing theories. Nursing theories are basic concepts that define the nursing practice and attempts to describe and explain what and why nurses do what they do (nursing). Nursing theory is important in differentiating nursing from other disciplines as its main purpose is to describe, explain, predict, and control desired nursing practice outcomes. These theories applied daily by nurses are guidance to how a nurse gives treatment to a patient, how nurses perform their tasks, complete their assessments, and establish interventions. By studying nursing theory, students are able to start thinking critically. For example, nursing theory can be termed as the foundation of good nursing and clinical practice. Even when building a house the foundation is the most important; a strong foundation means a long lasting house. Similarly when the foundation is cracked, the structure (nursing practice) is weakened. Therefore, having a good comprehension of the n ursing theories from the nursing education level topped up with intuition and compassion makes a strong nurse. Nursing theory is the foundation of nursing research which in return develops the nursing practice. It is essential in health care advancement, which allows patients to get the best possible nursing care. As medicine is trying to make a more multidisciplinary approach to health care, nursing has to aim at establishing a exceptional body of knowledge. For example, nurses are gradually increasing their practice scope by performing tasks that were previously carried out by doctors. It is therefore important for theory to define the position of nurses and their roles (Colley, 2003). By giving them this sense of identity,

Virtual Private Network Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Virtual Private Network Architecture - Essay Example Basically, the cloud computing platforms (virtual clouds), both private and public, offer an excellent framework for both all the organizations (small, medium and large) to host their applications (e.g. enterprise resource planning systems) by hiring resources on rent, on-demand and paying charging depending on actual usage. In this scenario, an organization’s IT services can be distributed all through the corporation’s data centers and systematically assigned resources in cloud data centers (Wood, Shenoy, Ramakrishnan, & Merwe, 2011; Tchifilionova, 2011). Cloud computing allows enterprises to obtain as much computation and storage resources as they require, while only paying for the precise amount that they use. In this scenario, a VPN (virtual private network) is established by creating a secure communications link between two nodes by following the characteristics of a point-to-point private link. Additionally, a VPN can be employed by the organizations to smooth the process of secure remote access in the cloud, establish and maintain a secure data channel within a network or securely connect two networks together (Researcher's Blog, 2011; Wood, Shenoy, Gerber, Ramakrishnan, & Merwe, 2009; Rittinghouse & Ransome, 2009). ... advantageous that cloud resources be flawlessly incorporated or combined with an organization’s existing architecture without the need to deal with management, handle substantial configuration, or security concerns. On the other hand, present cloud service providers provide virtual cloud servers as remote units with their own IP address space that is beyond the reach and control of the customer. In addition, this isolation of enterprise resources and clouds augments software and configuration challenges and complexity while putting into practice the services that must communicate with an enterprise’s private network. There emerge various problems when moving an organization’s information system such as enterprise resource planning systems to a virtual cloud. In this scenario, poor communication and lack of coordination between virtual cloud and network resources make the customer once more accountable for autonomously managing for bandwidth guarantees and traffic separation with a separate network service provider. Thus, in order to deal with these challenges, there is a need to improve the cloud computing architecture to flawlessly put together virtual private networks (VPNs) (Wood, Shenoy, Gerber, Ramakrishnan, & Merwe, 2009; Rittinghouse & Ransome, 2009). In addition, the majority of business organizations are adopting incremental approach for the migration of their enterprise resource planning systems to virtual cloud. However, organizations that are planning to move their resources to virtual clouds must keep in mind that any migration, no matter it is associated with the cloud or not, engages one-time expenditures and a lot of opposition to migration for instance some of the staff members can be against the migration. In addition, there can be some cultural

Politics of Health in America Essay Example for Free

Politics of Health in America Essay The healthcare system in America is one of the hot button issues in this and every election because things are only getting worse, while not coming close to getting better. Rising healthcare costs are bringing brought on by huge hospitals that can charge as much as they want for service. Compounding the problem is the fact that many Americans cannot afford healthcare insurance in order to foot the bill for their expensive care. As the Michael Moore film, Sicko, indicates, the healthcare crisis in America is far reaching and there does not seem to be a solution on the horizon. With more and more people missing out on insurance because of basic primal greed from hospitals and insurance companies, there exists a huge problem that is sure to hinder the development of American society. Facing the biggest problems in light of this healthcare crisis are women, who need a more advanced form of care than their male counterparts. Without access to healthcare insurance, millions of women are not able to acquire the medical care that is essential to their overall health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American healthcare system is one that is designed to rely primarily on health insurance. Without health insurance, a majority of both basic and advanced medical procedures would not be possible for any people. The primary problem with the system is that now, health insurance companies are not doing their job anymore. Instead of being an affordable option for common people who seek to protect themselves against medical emergency, these companies are now in the business of gouging patients and withholding insurance to those that are less fortunate. The American model is not the prevailing system that is used elsewhere in the world. In places like Canada and in most of Europe, nationalized healthcare is the order of the day. Those governments do not mess around with insurance companies and they make sure that healthcare is readily available to anyone that needs it. This is an expensive, but effective way to make sure that each person is cared for. Women are specifically targeted for care under European models. In England, the national healthcare system has seen some problems, but for the most part, the nationalized nature of the system makes sure that just about anyone that needs treatment can get that treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue at the heart of the healthcare debate is over the uninsured folks that have a hard time securing healthcare. In the United States, that number is steadily growing with each passing year. This is something that Michael Moore is quick to point out in his film and it is an essential part of the argument for a national healthcare system. According to a July article from the Associated Press, â€Å"Just this past week, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated there are about 43.6 million uninsured people in the country† (AP). Though that number does not represent a majority of the population, it is a significant portion of a civilized country that would have absolutely no way of getting healthcare in case of a medical emergency. Should cancer strike any of that contingent of Americans, they would have no way of coming up with the thousands of dollars for treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important healthcare consideration that is taken into account in Michael Moore’s film is the disparity between the rich and the poor. This is what is really at the heart of the matter. Those with money can afford to purchase the insurance that will protect them, while those without money cannot afford insurance. Making it even worse is the fact that the jobs that give the benefit of included healthcare insurance are the jobs that actually pay people enough to afford insurance. Presidential candidate Barack Obama has taken a stance on the issue and he has clearly defined the need for more healthcare for the poor in the United States. A January Washington Post article sheds light on Obama’s opinion on the matter. In that article, Nedra Pickler writes, â€Å"He (Obama) said its wrong that 46 million in this country are uninsured when the country spends more than any one else on health care. He said Americans pay $15 billion in taxes to help care for the uninsured† (Pickler). Obama has put a specific focus on the medical plight of poor women, who are often the biggest victims in the entire ordeal. Without a national healthcare system, the rising cost of women’s care in America makes it impossible for a large chunk of the country’s ladies to keep up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For those that do not have a huge amount of understanding on women’s care and how involved it is, the situation is a difficult one to understand. While men can get away with not going to the doctor for a period of months or years, women have to have check-ups in order to stay healthy enough to have children. This must be a huge focus for American society, especially as fertility rates keep falling for women in the country. Doctors are becoming much more specialized in this day and age, so their services are costing more. Gynecologists are no different, so insurance companies are being asked to pay more for that service. Even more important than the standard checkup is the entire situation of pregnancy. Women need to see a doctor every two to three weeks during pregnancy to make sure that everything is alright in their body and for their baby. This need comes in addition to the standard medical procedures that women must undertake to make sure that they stay in good condition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women are among the most neglected when it comes to insurance in the United States. This correlation between gender and income is an important statistic to consider when forming opinions about the plight of the national healthcare system. Though the current system was certainly not written in a way that it would intentionally preclude women, the reality of the situation has almost made it look that way. Median income levels are lower for women in American than they are for men. It is much more difficult for women, be they white, black, Hispanic or any other race, to get a high paying job or one that offers full healthcare benefits. Though insurance companies might be precluding women from involvement, pregnancy has not been nearly as kind. There is no discrimination when it comes to that, as a poor woman is just as likely to get pregnant as a rich woman. Still, adequate care must be provided through the process of pregnancy and such care cannot be provided without the proper healthcare protection. The Christiane Northup book, Women’s Body, Women’s Wisdom, breaks down pregnancy in the following terms. â€Å"Pregnancy is a miraculous process and should be a time when a woman makes every effort to tune in to her body and baby with the support of her surroundings. For centuries, midwives helped mothers through the pregnancy and birthing processes, standing by them with medical and emotional aid† (Northup). This quotation clearly shows the need for assistance in a number of different areas for women during pregnancy. It is something that cannot be ignored for many women, as they seek to have the best pregnancy possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another thing to consider in all of this is the plight of single mothers in America. Recent sociological trends are indicating that more and more women are having children out of wedlock. Without a man present to help foot the bill for pregnancy costs, women without healthcare have an even more difficult time coming up with the money to pay for their own care. This is a trend that does not seem to be going anywhere anytime soon, so it is imperative that the overriding problems get fixed before things get worse. Moore attacks this in Sicko, as he feels that single mothers are some of the biggest victims of the current healthcare system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Moore, single mothers are not the only victims in this situation. Though the politically correct notion is not to speak about race in regards to healthcare, the reality of the situation is that minority women are being left out at an alarming rate. An Amanda Gardner report in HealthDay speaks to the overall lackluster support that women have from the current healthcare system. Gardner writes, â€Å"No state met the goal for access to health insurance. Nationwide, 18 percent of women aged 18 to 64 were uninsured. In 2007, five states decreased Medicaid eligibility levels for working parents, making it more difficult for low-income people to get insurance† (Gardner). This trend has had a profound impact on minority mothers, who statistics show are working hard to provide for their children and also take care of themselves medically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his movie Sicko, Michael Moore does not shy away from the topic of women and how they are affected by the current healthcare system. In fact, Moore makes it a point to break down how they are often the most mistreated of any of the demographic areas. A Kyle Smith article in the New York Post makes a large effort to disparage the work of Michael Moore, but it does lend light on one example from Moore’s film where the focus is clearly placed upon mistreated women. In the article, Kyle Smith writes, â€Å"Perhaps the most absurd example is that of the woman who says that after she received benefits, the check was stopped because she had previously suffered an undisclosed yeast infection† (Smith). If the story from the woman in the film is true, then the problems within the system are so apparent and so flawed that securing healthcare is almost a hopeless venture for many women within the United States. Moore has harsh criticism for the current system in its exploitation of women financially. Because the current system is one that rewards doctors and insurance companies on the amount of work they can do, it directly impacts women. As mentioned previously, women have a greater reason to head to the doctor for a plethora of events. Under the current system, women are even discouraged from heading to the doctor in order to get the care that they so desperately need. Instead of going to the doctor to get care for themselves and their unborn children, women are being asked to limit their visits in an effort to save money. This is unfair and unsafe, according to Moore. His proposed implementation of a national healthcare system would take care of this issue, as it would shift the burden to all of the taxpayers and would insure that distribution of healthcare is on a need basis. That means that women would not feel pressured and they could head to the doctor’s office freely and without worry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Michael Moore is not shy about offering up solutions for a better system. In his film, he specifically refers to the national healthcare systems used by much of Europe and Canada. He proposes that if America were to go to a taxpayer funded national healthcare system, like the one proposed by Obama, things would get much easier for women specifically. They would not only have unlimited care at their immediate disposal, but women would also have top notch care that is necessary. With fertility levels dropping and that causing problems to other national systems like Social Security, it is essential that the federal government takes action to help women protect themselves and their ability to have children. According to Moore, a federal system in which socialized medicine is offered will be the best scenario for women in the United States.   Works Cited Smith, Kyle. 19 June 2007. New York Post. Botched Operation: Crazy Moore Offers Wrong Prescription. http://www.nypost.com/seven/06192007/entertainment/movies/botched_operation_movies_kyle_smith.htm?page=0 Gardner, Amanda. 17 October 2007. HealthDay. U.S. Women’s Health Care Still Falls Short: Report. http://www.healthday.com/Article.asp?AID=609217 Associated Press. 2 July 2007. Little Defense for U.S. Health Care of ‘Sicko’. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19552132/ Nedra, Pickler. The Associated Press. 25 January 2007. Obama Calls for Universal Health Care. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/01/25/AR2007012500764.html

Impacts Of Air Pollution On Living Beings Environmental Sciences Essay

Impacts Of Air Pollution On Living Beings Environmental Sciences Essay The report is related to one of the most important problem which has to be dealt with in the environment, pollution. Our report commences with a brief introduction of pollution. The report then explains what air pollution is and how various pollutants causes air pollution. It is then followed by the impact of air pollution on living beings and the environment. It also discusses how air pollution can be prevented like using different energy sources, managing vehicles, reducing deforestation, etc. As the report progresses, it explains what water pollution is and the various sources which cause water pollution through disposal of wastes. ..Furthermore, the report gives Dell as an example, an industry which highly contributes towards reducing pollution by taking some measures like, recycling products and minimizing waste during their procedures. The report then shows that while working towards reducing pollution, it still has some ill effects towards the environment. It is given that sul phur dioxide helps in cooling the planet and carbon dioxide is also very important for plants. Thus, reduction of these gases in the environment still affects the environment. To round up our report, we conclude that preventive measures have to be taken by people such that we all live a healthy life in a sustainable and a clean environment. Introduction Pollution can be defined as an adverse state or condition of the natural environment. When impurities and other contaminations affect the earths assets, pollution is caused. In most cases it is the human activities that increase the intensity of pollution in the environment. It is said by Richard Buckminster Fuller that Pollution is nothing but the resources we are not harvesting. We allow them to disperse because weve been ignorant of their value. Here, the writer has defined pollution to be a result of human ignorance towards the value of natural resources. With so much diversity in the environment, the presence of several kinds of pollution is also evident. The two main classifications are Air pollution and Water Pollution. Each one has varied causes and preventive measures that are discussed further. Air Pollution When certain kinds of substances have been emitted into the atmosphere such that they have a damaging effect on humans as well as the environment, air pollution is caused (National Geographic Society, n.d). Causes The substances causing air pollution are called pollutants. Various pollutants are responsible for this ongoing disaster; however the chief pollutant is carbon dioxide. Even though, all living creatures exhale carbon dioxide, pollution is caused by the release of carbon dioxide from automobiles, aircrafts, industries and due to various other human actions that include burning of fuels like petroleum and coal. Statistics show that in the last 150 years, the amount of carbon dioxide has increased tremendously as compared to earlier decades, and all of it due to activities executed by humans. Methane is also another, highly dangerous, green house gas. This is emitted from several sources like swamps, animal waste and also from chlorofluorocarbons. Fortunately, the use of chlorofluorocarbons as aerosol propellants and refrigerants has been banned due to its destructive impact on the earths ozone layer. The other major pollutant causing drastic climatic issues is sulphur dioxide that main ly is considered to cause pollution because of its presence in smog (National Geographic Society, n.d). Smog is composed of smoke and fog, and smoke consists of sulphur dioxide. Researchers have shown that smog causes the lining of the human nerves and throat to be stimulated. (National Air Emissions Inventory, 2008) Impacts The impact of air pollution towards both, living beings and the environment has been very high. For humans, air pollution proves to be highly lethal and life taking. The World Health Organization reports that about 2 million people are suffering from diseases and fatalities caused by polluted air. Continuous exposure to pollutants causes various respiratory and cardiac diseases like acute vascular dysfunction, pneumonia, wheezing, coughing, asthma, cardiopulmonary disease, heart attack and more (Borade, 2010) The environment is also significantly affected due to the increasing pollution rate. As mentioned earlier, global warming is being caused due to growing levels of green house gases. The green house gases have been creating certain kind of Holes in the ozone layer of the earths atmosphere. The ozone layer above Antarctica and the Arctic has already started getting depleted, but if the pollution rate continues the way it is now, the depletion will spread further over various other continents and nations. This dangerous depletion is allowing ultraviolet radiations to reach the earth. Hence damaging and destroying several plantations, crops, vegetations and more. Mankind is also severely affected, as these ultraviolet rays cause skin cancer and cataracts which mostly prove to be life taking diseases (Columbia University Press, 2007). Acid rain is another phenomena caused due to mixing of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide with atmospheric moisture, leading to formation of acids like sulphuric and nitric acid. In polluted countries, during monsoon, the rain which is otherwise supposed to be healthy for plants instead creates a negative effect on them. Microorganisms present on plants and also in the soil that are responsible for plant respiration, growth, and other plant processes, get destroyed in this rain, hence leading to inhibiting plant growth (Maya et al, 1998). Prevention A very effective way to prevent air pollution is the use of various other energy sources like solar energy, hydroelectric energy and wind energy. As technology is developing, solar water heaters are used to generate electricity and also for household use like the wind turbine (Sandhyarani. 2011). Planting trees can also prove to be of advantage. Deforestation has kept on increasing in recent times. Trees reduce pollution because they inhale carbon dioxide which is released by many automobiles, industries, and various other sources. It is very essential to plant trees as it is a natural source of reducing pollution (How to do things n.d.).A reduction in fuel usage can immensely reduce air pollution. Alternatives can be used instead of these sources for energy like solar or tidal energy which is natural and more eco friendly (How to do things n.d.). It is very important that the vehicles owned by people are well maintained and kept in good condition as it can also affect the environmen t. Regular servicing of cars and minimizing fuel exhaust can help reduce emission of pollutants to an extent. Also, whenever possible, using the public transport also contributes to prevent air pollution as the number of vehicles used reduces (Ways to Control Air Pollution 2010). Water Pollution Water pollution can be considered as any physical, biological, or chemical change in water quality that adversely affects living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses. The sources of water contamination can be natural, such as poison springs, oil seeps, and sedimentation from erosion. Apart from that water pollution can be caused by humans as well which affect water quality or usability. (Cunningham, 2001) Causes Pollution-control standards and regulations usually distinguish between point and nonpoint pollution sources. Factories, power plants, sewage treatment plants and oil wells can be regarded as point sources because they discharge pollution from specific locations, such as drain pipes, ditches, or sewer outfalls. These sources can be relatively easy to monitor and regulate and can be identified easily. It is generally possible to divert effluent from the waste streams of these sources and treat it before it enters the environment. On the other hand, nonpoint sources of water pollution are scatter or diffuse, having no specific location where they discharge into a particular body of water, non point sources include golf courses, lawns and gardens, construction sites, logging areas, roads, streets and parking lots. Nonpoint sources are often hard to regulate and monitor due to the irregular timing of certain events such as rainfall or drizzle which may flush high concentrations of gasoline, lead, oil, and rubber residues off streets. Point sources can be fairly uniform and predictable throughout the year, whereas nonpoint sources are often highly episodic (Cunningham, 2001). Impacts Prevention Industry Application One very good example of an industry which contributes to prevent pollution is Dell. It was the No. 1 company in NEWSWEEKs 2010 Green Rankings (An American weekly news magazine published in New York City). The company focuses mainly towards minimizing environmental effects through regular process work done within the company like designing and disposing the product. It aims to minimize waste, reuse and recycle products and also to extend the products life span which reduces energy consumption (Michael. 2008). As compared to their laptops made in 2005, the new laptops use 25% lesser energy. It has recycled 7.2 million pounds of recycled plastic from previous customers to make new laptops and computers. With a purchase of new Dell laptops or peripherals, the company accepts used Dell products and also competitors products to recycle free of cost (Green Rankings: The Top 10 in Newsweek, October 2010). Benefits from Pollutants After scanning through all air and water pollutants, it is observed that, knowing its ill effects, the presence of selective pollutants is significant. Sulphur dioxide which is an air pollutant, and which has disastrous effects on the environment, also aids in reducing global warming to a certain extend. A recent study showed that there are certain negative effects of having lower levels of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere, one of which is, a possible increment in global warming levels. Sulphur dioxide released by volcanoes tends to create a cooling impact on the planet, by obstructing the path of sunlight, hence reducing global warming (National Geographic Soceity, n.d). Also carbon dioxide, which is the chief pollutant, is needed by plants for one of its important life processes i.e. photosynthesis. However, the current ratio of these chemicals in the atmosphere is high and hence the implementation of preventive measures is mandatory. Conclusion Seeing the catastrophic effects of pollution, it is necessary that the human race puts the preventive measures into action. This is because the principles of pollution prevention imply that by reducing pollution people will have a more efficient and sustainable environment. Therefore, it is very important to prevent pollution and it is the responsibility of all individuals and organizations like the government, citizens, industries, etc to contribute to pollution prevention for the environment (Cowan et al. 2005).